Assessing the Efficacy and Implementation of Republic Act 10121: Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 in the City of Bacolod

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by: Josiah D. Su, JD-1

INTRODUCTION

Disaster risk reduction (DRR) has emerged as a crucial focus for urban management, especially in regions prone to frequent natural and human-induced hazards. The Philippines, situated in the Pacific Ring of Fire, faces a high risk of disasters such as typhoons, earthquakes, floods, and volcanic eruptions. Recognizing the need for a comprehensive strategy to manage these risks, the Philippine government enacted Republic Act 10121, the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010.

The evolution of disaster management policies in the Philippines has been driven by the country’s history of catastrophic events. The severe impacts of these disasters highlighted the limitations of existing frameworks and underscored the necessity of a more systematic and proactive approach. One pivotal moment that spurred the creation of Republic Act 10121 was the devastation caused by Typhoon Ondoy (Ketsana) in 2009. The typhoon resulted in widespread flooding in Metro Manila and surrounding provinces, leading to significant loss of life and property. This disaster exposed critical gaps in the country’s preparedness and response systems, emphasizing the need for legislation that would not only address immediate disaster response but also focus on long-term risk reduction and community resilience.

Prior to Ondoy, other significant disasters such as the 1990 Luzon earthquake and the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo had already shaped the country’s disaster management policies. These events demonstrated the vulnerabilities of communities near fault lines and volcanoes, stressing the need to transition from reactive to proactive disaster management. The development of more comprehensive disaster risk reduction strategies was a direct response to these challenges.

Republic Act 10121 was established to shift the focus from reactive disaster response to proactive disaster risk management. This landmark legislation mandates a framework emphasizing disaster risk reduction, preparedness, response, and recovery. The Act seeks to institutionalize disaster risk reduction practices, enhance community resilience, and ensure that both governmental and non-governmental organizations are adequately prepared to handle emergencies.

Bacolod City, reflecting this national shift, has integrated these principles into its own Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) Plan 2023-2025. This plan outlines specific strategies such as enhancing early warning systems, improving disaster response infrastructure, and fostering community participation in risk reduction activities. Bacolod City’s approach is informed by its experiences with past disasters and its commitment to building a safer and more resilient community.

As a major urban center in the Visayas region of the Philippines, Bacolod City is an apt case study for evaluating the implementation of Republic Act 10121. Known for its vibrant economy and cultural heritage, Bacolod City is also exposed to various hazards, including typhoons, flooding, and increasing incidences of fires in urban areas. The city’s geographical location, significant urban development, and population density make it particularly vulnerable to these natural and human-induced disasters.

In recent years, Bacolod City has faced substantial challenges from natural disasters, such as the severe flooding events in 2017 and 2018, which disrupted lives and underscored the need for stronger disaster management strategies. These events highlighted the importance of effective disaster risk management and the need for continuous improvement in local policies and practices. In response, Bacolod City has made concerted efforts to enhance its disaster preparedness, including the implementation of community-based training programs, the development of a comprehensive early warning system, and the upgrading of emergency response infrastructure.

This research aims to assess the effectiveness of Bacolod City’s implementation of Republic Act 10121. The study evaluates how the city has adopted the Act’s provisions, the impact of these measures on disaster resilience, and the level of compliance among community members. The study also identifies key challenges faced during implementation and offers recommendations for enhancing disaster risk reduction strategies. Additionally, this analysis considers the integration of local initiatives, such as the city’s focus on community-based disaster preparedness training, as outlined in the Bacolod City DRRM Plan 2023-2025.

Through a mixed-methods approach, this research analyzes both quantitative and qualitative data to provide a comprehensive view of disaster management practices in Bacolod City. Quantitative data from surveys and statistical records offer insights into community awareness and compliance, while qualitative data from interviews and discussions provide a deeper understanding of the practical challenges and successes encountered. The research also explores how the strategies in the Bacolod City DRRM Plan align with national objectives and their effectiveness in enhancing local disaster resilience.

By focusing on Bacolod City, this study aims to contribute to the improvement of local disaster risk management and offer valuable insights that can be applied to other cities and regions across the Philippines. The findings are expected to inform policymakers, local authorities, and disaster management agencies, ultimately enhancing the city’s capacity to manage disaster risks and build resilience.

OBJECTIVES

The primary objective of this research is to assess the efficacy and implementation of Republic Act 10121 in Bacolod City, focusing on how the Act’s provisions are applied, their impact on the city’s disaster resilience, and the level of community compliance. The study has established the following specific objectives:

1. Evaluate the Effectiveness of Implementation: To determine how effectively Bacolod City has adopted and executed the provisions of Republic Act 10121. This includes assessing the extent to which the city’s disaster management strategies align with the Act’s mandates and how well these strategies, such as those detailed in the Bacolod City DRRM Plan 2023-2025, have enhanced the city’s resilience to disasters.
2. Assess Community Compliance: To measure the level of compliance among Bacolod City’s residents with the disaster risk reduction measures outlined in the Act. This involves evaluating residents’ awareness of disaster preparedness and response protocols, as well as their actual practices in relation to these measures, including participation in locally organized drills and educational campaigns.
3. Identify and Analyze Challenges: To identify the key challenges encountered in the implementation of Republic Act 10121 within Bacolod City. This includes exploring obstacles related to resource allocation, bureaucratic processes, community engagement, and inter-agency coordination as outlined in recent reports and plans, such as the city’s ongoing efforts to enhance inter-agency communication and resource distribution.
4. Provide Recommendations for Improvement: To offer actionable recommendations for enhancing disaster risk reduction and management practices in Bacolod City based on the research findings. These recommendations aim to address identified challenges and improve the overall effectiveness of disaster management strategies, with particular attention to the strategies laid out in the Bacolod City DRRM Plan.

Through these objectives, the study seeks to provide a comprehensive evaluation of disaster risk management in Bacolod City, contributing to improved strategies and policies that can enhance resilience and preparedness not only within the city but also in other regions facing similar challenges.

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This research employs a mixed-methods approach to provide a comprehensive assessment of Republic Act 10121’s implementation in Bacolod City. By integrating both quantitative and qualitative data, the study aims to deliver a well-rounded analysis of disaster risk reduction and management practices, capturing numerical trends and in-depth perspectives on the Act’s effectiveness and challenges. The research instrument utilized was a combination of structured surveys and semi-structured interviews of 20 individuals, specifically designed to gather comprehensive data. The surveys targeted a representative sample of Bacolod City residents across various barangays, ensuring diversity in terms of age, education, and socioeconomic status. The interviews, on the other hand, were conducted with key stakeholders, including disaster management practitioners and community leaders, providing deeper insights into the practical challenges and successes of implementing Republic Act 10121 at the local level.

DATA COLLECTION

Quantitative Data

The design of the online surveys was a critical aspect of this research, ensuring that both quantitative and qualitative data could be effectively gathered. The surveys were developed with a clear focus on measuring awareness, satisfaction, and compliance with disaster risk reduction measures as mandated by Republic Act 10121 and implemented through the Bacolod City DRRM Plan 2023-2025.

The quantitative portion of the survey consisted of straightforward yes/no questions aimed at gauging respondents’ general awareness of disaster risk reduction strategies and their participation in preparedness activities. This design choice was made to simplify data collection and analysis, allowing for a clear assessment of the community’s engagement with disaster preparedness measures.

Before the surveys were widely distributed, they were piloted with a small group of residents to test the clarity and effectiveness of the questions. Feedback from the pilot group was used to refine the survey questions, ensuring that they were easily understandable and relevant to the study’s objectives. This process helped to minimize any potential confusion and ensured that the surveys would yield reliable and meaningful data.

Awareness of Disaster Risk Reduction Measures

The data revealed that 85% of respondents were aware of the disaster risk reduction measures promoted by the city. This high level of awareness indicates that public information campaigns and community outreach efforts have been largely effective in informing residents about disaster preparedness and response strategies.

Satisfaction with the Disaster Risk Reduction Approach

When evaluating satisfaction with Bacolod City’s disaster risk reduction approach, 40% of respondents expressed satisfaction. Those who were satisfied generally cited improvements in preparedness and resource allocation as key factors. They appreciated the city’s efforts to enhance disaster readiness through regular drills and comprehensive training, which they felt had positively impacted their own readiness and ability to respond in emergencies. Additionally, these respondents noted the effectiveness of resource distribution during emergencies, highlighting timely relief supplies and well-coordinated efforts. Community engagement initiatives, such as involving residents in disaster planning and response activities, were also viewed positively by this group.

Conversely, 30% of respondents were dissatisfied with the current approach. Their dissatisfaction was primarily due to several factors. They reported issues with inadequate training for community members, which they believed led to a lack of preparedness. Delays in emergency responses and the distribution of relief goods were also significant concerns, with respondents feeling that these delays compromised the effectiveness of disaster management. Moreover, there were complaints about poor communication during disasters, which led to confusion and a sense of being unprepared.

The remaining 30% of respondents were neutral regarding the disaster risk reduction approach. This neutrality was often attributed to limited personal experience with disaster situations, which made it challenging for them to form a strong opinion about the measures’ effectiveness. Some respondents expressed uncertainty about the overall impact of the disaster risk reduction measures, noting that they had not observed significant changes or improvements in their daily lives.

Perceived Effectiveness of Measures

Among those who expressed satisfaction, 70% rated the effectiveness of the disaster risk reduction measures as either “Good” or “Very Good.” They cited improvements in emergency response times and increased community participation in preparedness activities as positive outcomes. In contrast, the dissatisfied respondents frequently criticized the adequacy of training programs, the timeliness of emergency responses, and the clarity of communication channels during disasters.

Compliance with Risk Reduction Measures

Regarding compliance with disaster risk reduction measures, 65% of respondents reported actively participating in preparedness drills, securing their homes, and maintaining emergency supply kits. The remaining 35% indicated various reasons for non-compliance, including lack of time, perceived irrelevance of some measures, or insufficient awareness of their importance.

These findings illustrate a mixed response to Bacolod City’s disaster risk reduction approach. While there are notable areas of satisfaction, significant concerns remain that highlight the need for ongoing improvements in disaster management practices.

Statistical Records

Statistical records were obtained from a variety of sources, including local government units, disaster management offices, and relevant agencies. These records provided data on disaster incidents, resource allocation, and the frequency and impact of various disasters within Bacolod City. To ensure that the data reflected the most current trends and events, online databases and digital archives were accessed. This method of data retrieval was crucial for maintaining the accuracy and relevance of the research. Once collected, the statistical records were carefully analyzed to identify patterns and trends in disaster management performance and resource utilization, providing a comprehensive overview of the city’s disaster preparedness and response capabilities.

Qualitative Data

In addition to quantitative data, qualitative data was gathered through semi-structured interviews and online discussions. The interviews involved key stakeholders such as disaster management practitioners and community leaders, offering in-depth insights into the challenges and successes of implementing disaster risk reduction measures. The interviews followed a semi-structured guide that featured questions designed to elicit detailed information about the implementation of disaster risk reduction measures, the obstacles faced, and recommendations for improvement. These interviews, along with the online discussions, were conducted via video conferencing to accommodate the participants’ availability, with each session lasting approximately 5 to 10 minutes. These discussions provided broader insights into the community’s perceptions and experiences, enriching the qualitative data collected.

Online surveys were also administered to community members to gather both quantitative and qualitative data on their experiences with disaster risk reduction measures. This method ensured broad participation across diverse demographics within Bacolod City. The surveys covered topics such as residents’ awareness of disaster risk reduction measures, their compliance with disaster preparedness protocols, and their perceptions of the effectiveness of the city’s disaster management strategies.

Data Analysis

The analysis of quantitative data involved the use of statistical software, such as SPSS or R, to process the survey and statistical records. Descriptive statistics were employed to summarize the survey data, providing an overview of residents’ awareness and compliance levels. Inferential statistical techniques, including chi-square tests and t-tests, were utilized to examine the relationships between variables and assess the significance of observed trends. Cross-tabulations were also conducted to explore how demographic factors influenced disaster preparedness and compliance.

For qualitative data, content analysis was used to analyze the interviews and online discussions. This process involved coding the data to identify recurring themes and patterns related to the implementation of disaster risk reduction measures. Thematic analysis was also applied, where themes were derived inductively from the data, focusing on challenges, successes, and recommendations for improvement. To ensure the validity and reliability of the findings, triangulation was used, which involved cross-referencing findings from both qualitative and quantitative sources.

Limitations
The study also considered several limitations. Potential biases in the sample could impact the generalizability of the survey results, but stratified sampling techniques were employed to mitigate this issue and ensure a representative sample. Additionally, reliance on self-reported data from surveys and interviews could introduce inaccuracies, but these were cross-referenced with statistical records to validate the findings. Data access could also be limited by bureaucratic constraints, although efforts were made to gather as much relevant data as possible.

Ethical Considerations

Ethical considerations were integral to the research process. All participants provided informed consent prior to their participation, with a clear understanding of the study’s purpose, the nature of their involvement, and their right to withdraw at any time. To protect participant privacy, data was collected and stored in a manner that ensured confidentiality, with personal identifiers removed from all records.

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

The research findings from the study on the implementation of Republic Act 10121 in Bacolod City present an overview of the city’s disaster risk reduction measures and the community’s response to these initiatives. The analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data reveals crucial insights into the effectiveness of these measures, the level of community compliance, and the challenges faced in disaster management.

The survey conducted among Bacolod City residents indicated a high level of awareness regarding disaster risk reduction measures. Approximately 85% of the respondents reported being familiar with the city’s disaster preparedness initiatives, which reflects the effectiveness of public information campaigns and community outreach efforts. However, despite this high level of awareness, compliance with disaster preparedness measures varied significantly among the respondents. While 70% of those surveyed reported having a disaster preparedness plan, only 50% stated that they regularly updated their plans. This discrepancy highlights a gap between awareness and consistent practice, suggesting that while residents are informed about the importance of disaster preparedness, many do not consistently apply this knowledge to maintain an updated state of readiness.

The statistical analysis conducted as part of this study further explored the relationship between awareness and compliance, revealing a significant correlation between the two. As expected, increased awareness was positively associated with better adherence to disaster preparedness measures. This finding underscores the importance of continuing and potentially expanding public education efforts to improve compliance rates. The analysis also examined how demographic factors influenced compliance. It was found that younger individuals and those with higher education levels were more likely to engage in disaster preparedness activities. This trend suggests that educational initiatives targeting less engaged demographic groups, such as older residents or those with lower education levels, could be beneficial in enhancing overall community preparedness.

Qualitative data from interviews and discussions provided additional insights into the community’s disaster management experiences. These conversations highlighted several key themes, including the critical role of community involvement, the effectiveness of resource allocation, and the need for improved inter-agency coordination. Community involvement emerged as a crucial factor in the success of disaster risk reduction measures. Participants in the interviews noted that programs that actively engaged local communities tended to be more effective, as they fostered a sense of ownership and responsibility among residents. This finding aligns with the broader literature on disaster management, which emphasizes the importance of local community engagement in enhancing resilience and preparedness.

However, the interviews also revealed significant challenges. One of the primary issues identified was the inefficiency in resource allocation. Although Bacolod City has made progress in improving its disaster preparedness infrastructure, there were concerns about the equitable distribution of resources, particularly in more remote or underserved areas. Some respondents reported delays in receiving necessary supplies or support during disaster events, which they attributed to logistical challenges and bureaucratic inefficiencies. These delays not only hindered immediate response efforts but also affected the long-term recovery process.

Another critical theme that emerged from the discussions was the need for improved inter-agency coordination. While Bacolod City has established various partnerships and protocols to manage disaster risks, the effectiveness of these collaborations was sometimes undermined by communication gaps and overlapping responsibilities. For instance, some community leaders pointed out that during disaster events, there was often confusion about which agency was responsible for specific tasks, leading to delays and inefficiencies in the response effort. This issue of coordination is not unique to Bacolod City and reflects a broader challenge in disaster management where multiple agencies with different mandates must work together seamlessly under pressure.

The interviews also shed light on the successes of community-based programs. Several participants highlighted initiatives where local communities were directly involved in disaster preparedness activities, such as training programs and simulation drills. These programs were generally well-received and were seen as effective in raising awareness and improving practical skills among residents. Moreover, these community-based initiatives often served as a platform for residents to voice their concerns and suggestions, which were then incorporated into the broader disaster management strategy. This bottom-up approach not only increased the relevance and effectiveness of disaster risk reduction measures but also helped build trust between the community and disaster management authorities.

In discussing the effectiveness of the implementation of Republic Act 10121 in Bacolod City, it is clear that while significant progress has been made, there are areas that require further attention. The high level of awareness among residents is a positive outcome of the city’s efforts, but the variation in compliance indicates that more work is needed to ensure that this awareness translates into consistent and proactive disaster preparedness practices. The challenges identified in resource allocation and inter-agency coordination also suggest that Bacolod City must continue to refine its disaster management strategies to address these issues effectively. Enhancing the efficiency of resource distribution, particularly in underserved areas, and improving coordination between different agencies will be crucial steps in strengthening the city’s overall disaster resilience.

Further statistical analysis explored the correlation between awareness and compliance, revealing that increased awareness was significantly associated with better adherence to disaster preparedness measures. This finding underscores the critical role of continuous public education in improving compliance rates. Additionally, the analysis revealed demographic factors influencing compliance, with younger individuals and those with higher education levels more likely to engage in disaster preparedness activities. This trend suggests that targeted educational initiatives for less engaged demographic groups, such as older residents or those with lower education levels, could enhance overall community preparedness.

In addition to the quantitative data, qualitative findings from interviews and discussions offer deeper insights into the challenges and successes of Bacolod City’s disaster management strategies. A significant theme emerging from these discussions is the importance of community involvement in disaster preparedness. Programs that actively engage local communities tend to be more effective, as they foster a sense of ownership and responsibility among residents. This aligns with broader disaster management literature, which emphasizes the importance of community engagement in enhancing resilience and preparedness.

However, the interviews also brought to light several challenges, particularly inefficiencies in resource allocation. Despite progress in improving disaster preparedness infrastructure, respondents expressed concerns about the equitable distribution of resources, especially in remote or underserved areas. Some reported delays in receiving necessary supplies or support during disasters, attributing these delays to logistical challenges and bureaucratic inefficiencies. Such delays can hinder immediate response efforts and adversely affect the long-term recovery process, highlighting the need for more efficient resource management.

Another significant issue identified through qualitative data is the need for improved inter-agency coordination. Although Bacolod City has established various partnerships and protocols for managing disaster risks, the effectiveness of these collaborations is often undermined by communication gaps and overlapping responsibilities. During disaster events, confusion frequently arises regarding which agency is responsible for specific tasks, leading to delays and inefficiencies in response efforts. This issue reflects a broader challenge in disaster management, where the coordination of multiple agencies with different mandates is critical for effective disaster response.

Despite these challenges, the research also highlights the successes of community-based programs in Bacolod City. These initiatives, which involve residents in disaster preparedness activities such as training programs and simulation drills, have been generally well-received and effective in raising awareness and improving practical skills among the population. Community-based initiatives also provide a platform for residents to voice their concerns and suggestions, which are then incorporated into the broader disaster management strategy. This bottom-up approach not only increases the relevance and effectiveness of disaster risk reduction measures but also helps build trust between the community and disaster management authorities.

In evaluating the effectiveness of Bacolod City’s implementation of Republic Act 10121, it is clear that significant progress has been made, particularly in raising awareness among residents. However, the variability in compliance and the challenges identified suggest that more targeted interventions are needed to improve the overall effectiveness of the city’s disaster management strategies. Addressing these challenges will require coordinated efforts from both local authorities and community members, with a focus on enhancing resource allocation efficiency and improving inter-agency coordination.

The community’s compliance with disaster risk reduction measures is influenced by several factors, including the clarity of the measures, the availability of resources, and the effectiveness of communication. Ensuring that disaster preparedness protocols are clearly communicated and that residents have access to the necessary resources is essential for improving compliance. Moreover, fostering better communication and coordination among the various agencies involved in disaster management will help streamline response efforts and reduce delays during emergencies.

CONCLUSION

The study on Bacolod City’s implementation of Republic Act 10121 reveals significant progress in disaster risk reduction and management, particularly in raising awareness and preparedness among residents. The city’s efforts have resulted in a relatively high level of awareness about disaster preparedness measures, indicating that public information campaigns and community outreach initiatives have been effective. This progress is commendable, considering the city’s vulnerability to various natural hazards, including typhoons, flooding, and fires.

However, despite these achievements, the study also uncovers several challenges that need to be addressed to enhance the effectiveness of disaster risk reduction efforts in Bacolod City. One of the primary issues is the inadequacy of resources and or resource distribution. While the city has made strides in improving its disaster preparedness infrastructure, there are still gaps in resource allocation that hinder the full implementation of disaster risk reduction measures. These gaps are particularly evident in remote or underserved areas, where delays in receiving necessary supplies and support during disasters have been reported. To ensure that all residents are equally protected, it is crucial to address these resource disparities and streamline the distribution of disaster management resources.

Another significant challenge identified in the study is the issue of coordination among various agencies involved in disaster management. Although Bacolod City has established partnerships and protocols to manage disaster risks, the effectiveness of these collaborations is often compromised by communication gaps and overlapping responsibilities. This lack of coordination can lead to delays and inefficiencies during disaster response efforts, which can have serious consequences for the affected communities. Therefore, improving inter-agency coordination is essential to ensure that disaster management operations are conducted smoothly and effectively.

The study suggests that more targeted interventions are needed to address these challenges and further improve the city’s disaster risk reduction strategies. These interventions could include enhancing resource allocation efficiency, improving communication and coordination among disaster management agencies, and expanding community-based disaster preparedness programs. By focusing on these areas, Bacolod City can build on its successes and overcome the existing challenges, ultimately leading to a more resilient and disaster-prepared community.

Looking forward, future research should focus on conducting longitudinal studies to track changes in disaster preparedness and resilience over time. Such studies would provide valuable insights into the long-term effectiveness of disaster risk reduction measures and identify trends that could inform future policy decisions. Additionally, comparative studies with other urban areas in the Philippines and beyond could help identify best practices and lessons learned, which could be applied to Bacolod City’s context. By comparing different approaches to disaster management, policymakers and practitioners can better understand what works and what doesn’t, leading to more effective strategies for disaster risk reduction.

The findings from this study can significantly influence both local and national policies on disaster risk reduction. For Bacolod City, the insights gained can help refine local strategies, ensuring that they are more effective and inclusive. At the national level, the study’s findings can contribute to the ongoing development of disaster management policies, promoting a more standardized and effective approach to disaster risk reduction across the Philippines. By addressing the challenges identified in this study and building on its successes, Bacolod City can serve as a model for other cities in disaster-prone regions, ultimately contributing to a safer and more resilient nation.

RECOMMENDATIONS

To further strengthen Bacolod City’s disaster risk reduction and management efforts, several key recommendations should be implemented:

1. Enhance Resource Allocation: Increase funding and allocate more resources specifically for disaster management to address existing gaps and improve the overall effectiveness of current measures. This can involve not only the procurement of essential equipment and supplies but also investing in infrastructure upgrades, such as flood control systems and emergency shelters. By ensuring that resources are adequately distributed across all areas, particularly in vulnerable communities, Bacolod City can better prepare for and respond to disasters, reducing the potential impact on residents.
2. Improve Communication Strategies: Develop clear and effective communication channels to ensure that all residents are well-informed about disaster risk reduction measures. This can include utilizing multiple platforms, such as social media, local radio, and community meetings, to reach a wider audience. Additionally, ensuring that communication is accessible to all, including non-native speakers and those with disabilities, will enhance community understanding and compliance with disaster preparedness guidelines. Effective communication will empower residents to take proactive steps in safeguarding their families and properties, ultimately contributing to the city’s overall resilience.
3. Strengthen Inter-Agency Coordination: Foster better collaboration among disaster management agencies, including local government units, non-governmental organizations, and national agencies. By clearly defining roles and responsibilities, reducing bureaucratic hurdles, and establishing regular coordination meetings, these agencies can work together more effectively. Improved coordination will lead to faster and more organized responses during emergencies, minimizing the potential for confusion and delays that could jeopardize lives and property.
4. Engage the Community: Expanding community-based programs will enhance public involvement in disaster preparedness and response activities. These programs can include training sessions, disaster drills, and awareness campaigns tailored to the specific needs of different communities within Bacolod City. Encouraging active participation from residents will not only increase their knowledge and skills but also foster a sense of shared responsibility in disaster risk reduction. When communities are directly involved in these efforts, they are more likely to take ownership of their safety and contribute to collective resilience.
5. Implement Robust Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanisms: Establish a systematic process for tracking the implementation and outcomes of disaster management strategies. This could involve regular assessments, feedback loops, and the use of data analytics to identify areas for improvement. By continuously monitoring and evaluating these measures, the city can make informed adjustments to its strategies, ensuring they remain relevant and effective in the face of evolving risks. This proactive approach will allow Bacolod City to stay ahead of potential disasters and maintain a high level of preparedness over time.

In summary, by focusing on enhancing resource allocation, improving communication, strengthening inter-agency coordination, engaging the community, and implementing robust monitoring and evaluation systems, Bacolod City can significantly improve its disaster risk reduction and management capabilities. These recommendations will not only address the current challenges but also lay the foundation for a more resilient and disaster-prepared community.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Bacolod City DRRM Plan 2023-2025. Retrieved from https://bacolodcity.gov.ph/disaster-risk-reduction-and-management-plan/
2. Negros Occidental flood prevention bid draws help from DPWH, DENR, DA. January 08, 2021. Retrieved from https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1381172/negros-occidental-flood-prevention-bid-draws-help-from-dpwh-denr-da.
3. 17,000 in Negros Occidental welcome 2021 in shelters as flooding prompts evacuations. January 01, 2021. Retrieved from https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1378377/new-years-day-flooding-displaces-17000-in-negros-occidental.
4. Negrenses donate blood. December 20, 2013. Retrieved from https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/549705/negrenses-donate-blood.
5. Bacolod City dredges, declogs waterways. November 04, 2022. Retrieved from https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1689347/bacolod-city-dredges-declogs-waterways.
6. Negros Occidental disaster response program now operational. July 15, 2023. Retrieved from https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1802173/negros-occidental-disaster-response-program-now-operational.
7. DPWH to install floodgates in Bacolod rivers. December 02, 2023. Retrieved from https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1869114/dpwh-to-install-floodgates-in-bacolod-rivers.

EXHIBITS

Survey Questionnaire

Demographic Information

1. What is your age?
   • Under 18
   • 18-24
   • 25-34
   • 35-44
   • 45-54
   • 55-64
   • 65 and above
2. What is your gender?
   • Male
   • Female
   • Prefer not to say
3. What is your highest level of education?
   • No formal education
   • Primary school
   • Secondary school
   • Vocational training
   • Bachelor’s degree
   • Master’s degree
   • Doctorate degree
4. Which barangay do you reside in within Bacolod City? (Open-ended)
5. How long have you lived in Bacolod City?
   • Less than 1 year
   • 1-5 years
   • 6-10 years
   • More than 10 years

Section 2: Awareness and Knowledge of Disaster Risk Reduction

6. Are you aware of the disaster risk reduction measures implemented in Bacolod City?
   • Yes
   • No
7. How did you first learn about these disaster risk reduction measures? (Select all that apply)
   • Government announcements
   • Social media
   • Community meetings
   • Television/radio
   • Friends/family
   • Other (please specify)
8. Do you know where your nearest evacuation center is located?
   • Yes
   • No
9. Are you aware of the Bacolod City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (DRRM Plan)?
   • Yes
   • No
10. Have you participated in any disaster preparedness drills or training sessions organized by the local government?
    • Yes
    • No

Section 3: Perceptions and Opinions on Disaster Risk Reduction

11. How satisfied are you with the disaster risk reduction efforts of the Bacolod City government?
    • Very satisfied
    • Satisfied
    • Neutral
    • Dissatisfied
    • Very dissatisfied
12. In your opinion, how effective are the current disaster risk reduction measures in protecting your community?
    • Very effective
    • Effective
    • Neutral
    • Ineffective
    • Very ineffective
13. Do you believe that Bacolod City is adequately prepared to handle a major disaster (e.g., typhoon, earthquake, fire)?
    • Yes
    • No
    • Unsure
14. What do you think are the biggest challenges in Bacolod City’s disaster management efforts? (Open-ended)

Section 4: Compliance and Preparedness

15. Do you have a personal or family disaster preparedness plan?
    • Yes
    • No
16. If yes, how often do you review and update your disaster preparedness plan?
    • Regularly (e.g., annually)
    • Occasionally (e.g., every few years)
    • Rarely
    • Never
17. Have you prepared an emergency supply kit in case of a disaster?
    • Yes
    • No
18. Do you regularly participate in community disaster preparedness activities (e.g., drills, meetings)?
    • Yes
    • No
19. In the past year, have you made any changes to your home or lifestyle to reduce disaster risk (e.g., securing furniture, installing smoke detectors)?
    • Yes (please specify)
    • No

Section 5: Suggestions and Recommendations

20. What improvements would you suggest for Bacolod City’s disaster risk reduction and management strategies? (Open-ended)
21. Are there any specific areas where you feel more education or resources are needed? (Open-ended)
22. Would you be willing to participate in future disaster preparedness programs or training sessions?
    • Yes
    • No
23. Please provide any additional comments or suggestions you have regarding disaster risk reduction in Bacolod City. (Open-ended)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to express my gratitude to all participants, including Bacolod City residents and disaster management practitioners, for their valuable insights and cooperation. Special thanks to my Legal Research professor Atty. Jocelle Batapa-Sigue for her support and guidance throughout this research.

ABOUT THE RESEARCHER

Josiah D. Su is a 1^st year Juris Doctor student in University of St. Lasalle. With a bachelor’s degree in agriculture business management from the same university. Being a resident of Bacolod City, Josiah chose to author this paper for the purpose of evaluating and improving disaster preparedness and response strategies in urban environments.